Programming Solution

Based on rankings by total searches, Nielsen/Net Ratings Mega View Search, August 2007, the top five search engines are: Google Search Yahoo! Search MSN/Windows Live Search AOL Search Ask.com Search To understand and appreciate why the search engines have gained popularity, let us know the basic working of Internet search engines. There's loads of information available on the World Wide Web, but how do we get the exact info we require? The answer to this.... Internet search engines. These are special web sites which are designed in such a way that they help people find information stored in other sites. The way each one works is different but they perform three basic tasks namely searching the web for select key words, build an index of the words they find and their location and facilitate users to look for those key words or their combinations. The software robot called spiders does the work of building the lists of words and the process is known as crawling. Nex

         Test Policy - A document characterizing the organization’s philosophy towards          software testing    Test Strategy - A high-level document defining the test phases to be performed and the     testing within those phases for a programme. It defines the process to be followed in each project. This sets the standards for the processes, documents, activities etc. that should be followed for each project. For example, if a product is given for testing, you should decide if it is better to use black-box testing or white-box testing and if you decide to use both, when will you apply each and to which part of the software? All these details need to be specified in the Test Strategy.   Project Test Plan - a document defining the test phases to be performed and testing within those phases particularly projects            A Test Strategy should cover more than one project and should address the following issues: An approach to testing high

  ·          User Interface Errors: Missing/Wrong Functions, Doesn’t do what the user expects, Missing information, Misleading, Confusing information, Wrong content in Help text, Inappropriate error messages. Performance issues - Poor responsiveness, Can't redirect output, Inappropriate use of key board ·          Error Handling: Inadequate - protection against corrupted data, tests of user input, version control; Ignores – overflow, data comparison, Error recovery – aborting errors, recovery from hardware problems. ·          Boundary related errors: Boundaries in loop, space, time, memory, mishandling of cases outside boundary.  ·          Calculation errors: Bad Logic, Bad Arithmetic, Outdated constants, Calculation errors, Incorrect conversion from one data representation to another, Wrong formula, Incorrect approximation. ·          Initial and Later states: Failure to  - set data item to zero, to initialize a loop-control variab

·          Bug: A software bug may be defined as a coding error that causes an unexpected defect, fault or flaw. In other words, if a program does not perform as intended, it is most likely a bug. ·          Error:  A mismatch between the program and its specification is an error in the program. ·          Defect:   Defect is the variance from a desired product attribute (it can be a wrong, missing or extra data). It can be of two types – Defect from the product or a variance from customer/user expectations.  It is a flaw in the software system and has no impact until it affects the user/customer and operational system. 90% of all the defects can be caused by process problems. ·          Failure: A defect that causes an error in operation or negatively impacts a user/ customer. ·          Quality Assurance: Is oriented towards preventing defects. Quality Assurance ensures all parties concerned with the project adhere to the process and procedures, s

There are basically three levels of testing i.e. Unit Testing, Integration Testing and System Testing. Various types of testing come under these levels. Unit Testing To verify a single program or a section of a single program Integration Testing To verify interaction between system components Prerequisite: unit testing completed on all components that compose a system System Testing To verify and validate behaviors of the entire system against the original system objectives Software testing is a process that identifies the correctness, completeness, and quality of software. Following is a list of various types of software testing and their definitions in a random order: · Formal Testing : Performed by test engineers · Informal Testing: Performed by the developers · Manual Testing : That part of software testing that requires human input, analysis, or evaluation. · Automated Testing : Software testing that utilizes a variety of tools to automate the testing process. Automa

Software bug may be defined as a coding error that causes an unexpected defect, fault, flaw, or imperfection in a computer program. In other words, if a program does not perform as intended, it is most likely a bug. There are bugs in software due to unclear or constantly changing requirements, software complexity, programming errors, timelines, errors in bug tracking, communication gap, documentation errors, deviation from standards etc. · Unclear software requirements are due to miscommunication as to what the software should or shouldn’t do. In many occasions, the customer may not be completely clear as to how the product should ultimately function. This is especially true when the software is a developed for a completely new product. Such cases usually lead to a lot of misinterpretations from any or both sides. · Constantly changing software requirements cause a lot of confusion and pressure both on the development and testing teams. Often, a new feature added or existing feature

Software Testing Life Cycle consist of six (generic) phases: 1) Planning, 2) Analysis, 3) Design, 4) Construction, 5) Testing Cycles, 6) Final Testing and Implementation and 7) Post Implementation. Each phase in the life cycle is described with the respective activities. Planning. Planning High Level Test plan, QA plan (quality goals), identify – reporting procedures, problem classification, acceptance criteria, databases for testing, measurement criteria (defect quantities/severity level and defect origin), project metrics and finally begin the schedule for project testing. Also, plan to maintain all test cases (manual or automated) in a database. Analysis. Involves activities that - develop functional validation based on Business Requirements (writing test cases basing on these details), develop test case format (time estimates and priority assignments), develop test cycles (matrices and timelines), identify test cases to be automated (if applicab

· Testing can’t show that bugs don’t exist. An important reason for testing is to prevent defects. You can perform your tests, find and report bugs, but at no point can you guarantee that there are no bugs. · It is impossible to test a program completely. Unfortunately this is not possible even with the simplest program because – the number of inputs is very large, number of outputs is very large, number of paths through the software is very large, and the specification is subjective to frequent changes. · You can’t guarantee quality. As a software tester, you cannot test everything and are not responsible for the quality of the product. The main way that a tester can fail is to fail to report accurately a defect you have observed. It is important to remember that we seldom have little control over quality. · Target environment and intended end user. Anticipating and testing the application in the environment user is expected to use is one of the major factors that should be con

As software engineering is now being considered as a technical engineering profession, it is important that the software test engineer’s posses certain traits with a relentless attitude to make them stand out. Here are a few. · Know the technology . Knowledge of the technology in which the application is developed is an added advantage to any tester. It helps design better and powerful test cases basing on the weakness or flaws of the technology. Good testers know what it supports and what it doesn’t, so concentrating on these lines will help them break the application quickly. · Perfectionist and a realist . Being a perfectionist will help testers spot the problem and being a realist helps know at the end of the day which problems are really important problems. You will know which ones require a fix and which ones don’t. · Tactful, diplomatic and persuasive . Good software testers are tactful and know how to break the news to the developers. They are diplomatic while convincing

QUES What is Data Storage - Definition Language? ANSWER: The storage structures and access methods used by database system are specified by a set of definition in a special type of DDL called data storage-definition language. QUE What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)? ANS This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organised by appropriate data model. 1) Procedural DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data. 2 ) Non-Procedural DML or High level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data. QUES What is VDL (View Definition Language)? ANS It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema. QUES What is DML Compiler? ANS It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the query evaluation engine can understand. QUES What is Query evaluation engine? ANS It executes low-level instruction generated by compile

Q What is trigger in DBMS A program in a database that gets called each time a row in a table is INSERTED UPDATED or DELETED. Triggers allow you to check that any changes are correct or to fill in missing information before it is commited. Triggers are normally written in PL/SQL or Java QUEST What is E-R model? ANSWER: This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes. QUES What is Object Oriented model? ANS This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance variables with in the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the same methods are grouped together into classes. QUES What is an Entity? ANS It is a 'thing' in the real world with an independent existence. QUE What is an En

Ques What is database? ANSWER: A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose. Ques Describe the three levels of data abstraction? Ans The are three levels of abstraction: 1) Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored. 2) Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database and what relationship among those data. 3) View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database. Ques What is the basic difference between DBMS and RDBM... Answer The difference in RDBMS and DBMS does not lie in the way tables and data are related to each other (ie. the Foreign Key relationship). dBase and MS Access are DBMS's which have foreign key relationships implemented. RDBMS is based on the concepts of Relational Set Theory in mathematics and h

Q: When a thread is created and started, what is its initial state? A: A thread is in the ready state after it has been created and started. Q: What is the purpose of finalization? A: The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to perform any cleanup processing before the object is garbage collected. Q: What is the Locale class? A: The Locale class is used to tailor program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural region. Q: What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement? A: A while statement checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop iteration should occur. A do statement checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should occur. The do statement will always execute the body of a loop at least once. Q: What is the difference between static and non-static variables? A: A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific

Q: What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable? A: In declaration we just mention the type of the variable and it's name. We do not initialize it. But defining means declaration + initialization. e.g String s; is just a declaration while String s = new String ("abcd"); Or String s = "abcd"; are both definitions. Q:What is the default value of an object reference declared as an instance variable? A: null unless we define it explicitly. Q: Can a top level class be private or protected? A: No. A top level class can not be private or protected. It can have either "public" or no modifier. If it does not have a modifier it is supposed to have a default access.If a top level class is declared as private the compiler will complain that the "modifier private is not allowed here". This means that a top level class can not be private. Same is the case with protected. Q: What type of parameter passing d

Question: What are the static fields & static Methods ? Answer: If a field or method defined as a static, there is only one copy for entire class, rather than one copy for each instance of class. static method cannot accecss non-static field or call non-static method Example static int counter = 0; A public static field or method can be accessed from outside the class using either the usual notation: Java-class-object.field-or-method-name or using the class name instead of the name of the class object: Java- class-name.field-or-method-name Question: What are the Final fields & Final Methods ? Answer: Fields and methods can also be declared final. A final method cannot be overridden in a subclass. A final field is like a constant: once it has been given a value, it cannot be assigned to again. Java Code private static final int MAXATTEMPTS = 10; Question: Describe the wrapper classes in Java ? Answer: Wrapper class is wrapper around a primitive data type .